Gut development in relation to feed digestion, nutrient absorption, feed utilization efficiency and manipulation of microbial activity in the gut. Factors limiting digestion, absorption and utilization of energy and protein in non-ruminants. Dietary deficiencies. Feeding standards, energy and protein requirement for various classes of non-ruminants. Feeding strategies for growth, reproduction and production in non-ruminants including pigs, poultry, crocodiles, fish, equines and camels. Dietary manipulation to influence product quality, health status and nutrient losses to the environment.