Dynamics of microbial digestion in rumen and hindgut.  Pre-ruminant nutrition and feeding.  Energy and Protein Nutrition in ruminants. Carbohydrate fermentation: role of different microbes, products of fermentation and their absorption and metabolism. Lipid metabolism: hydrolysis, biohydrogenation, biosynthesis. Metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds, degradability, ammonia production and utilization. Partitioning of energy, heat production, utilization and retention. Voluntary feed intake and anti-nutritional factors. Manipulation of rumen microbial fermentation to enhance efficiency, product quality and health. Feeding standards/requirements and strategies for small and large ruminants. Feed additives.