Anatomy and functions of male and female reproductive organs of farm animals, major reproductive hormones, their sources and functions. Puberty, sexual maturity, stages, duration, and functional events of the estrous cycle, heat detection and ovulation. Gametogenesis. Ovulation. Fertilization. Mating behavior in female and male animals. Factors Affecting Estrous Behavior. Fetal and placental development, Pregnancy and pregnancy tests. Parturition and its phases. Development and function of mammary gland. Application of modern reproductive technologies. Artificial Insemination, estrus synchronization, multiple ovulation, embryo transfer, invitro fertilization, sex determination. Reproductive failure in animals.