This Module reviews the changes and new thoughts in the current theoretical positions, approaches, methods, and models in Language Learning and Teaching. It starts with the broad theoretical frameworks of mind and language learning. An attempt will also be made to narrow down the theoretical positions to the current modifications of language learning/teaching approaches, methods and models with, a critical reflection on the positions from experience as learners, teachers, and researchers. This will be done to link the scientific findings of second language acquisition/learning research with the art of language teaching. It also deals with a critical review of the linguistic, psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, and humanistic theories of second language acquisition. Linking will also be made with philosophical and theoretical orientations of ELT Curriculum Design and Materials development with current research in the areas of ELT Curriculum Design and Materials development to see changes and trends in the field. The current approaches and methods of Assessment of Students’ progress and learning on the basis of synthesis of research in the area will also be made.